{"id":695,"date":"2021-05-11T18:08:49","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T17:08:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/?post_type=exhibit2&#038;p=695"},"modified":"2021-05-14T14:24:16","modified_gmt":"2021-05-14T13:24:16","slug":"swimming-not-drowning-in-a-deep-pool-of-data-about-water","status":"publish","type":"exhibit2","link":"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/ideas-studio\/swimming-not-drowning-in-a-deep-pool-of-data-about-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Swimming, Not Drowning, in a Deep Pool of Data about Water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In Scotland, we have access to clean, safe drinking water, which is easy to take for granted. However, many parts of the world aren\u2019t as fortunate. To combat this the UN have created an objective to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, as part of their sustainable development goals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn how researchers at the University of Glasgow have developed exciting new data analytics so we can use this data to help maintain and conserve our water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Please introduce yourself: what is your name and what do you do?\u202f\u202f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are a team of statisticians in the University of Glasgow, Marian Scott, Ruth O\u2019Donnell, Surajit Ray, Claire Miller and Craig Anderson<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gla.ac.uk\/schools\/mathematicsstatistics\/research\/stats\/ai3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">University of Glasgow &#8211; Schools &#8211; School of Mathematics &amp; Statistics &#8211; Research &#8211; Statistics &#8211; AI\u00b3 Initiative&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our interests are in studying the environment using data and statistical models to investigate changes, to find patterns and to explain them where possible.&nbsp;One area we are all passionate about is water.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here in&nbsp;Scotland, we perhaps take for granted that we have plenty of clean&nbsp;water&nbsp;but this is not true around the world.&nbsp;Even here in Scotland, we need to take care of our water resources in terms of both water quantity (floods and droughts) and quality (different pollutants).&nbsp;The freshwater resources of our lakes and rivers&nbsp;are&nbsp;fundamental in supporting life.&nbsp;Water quantity and quality have changed over the years due to climate change, as well as activities such as water extraction for crop irrigation, and the&nbsp;run off&nbsp;of pollutants from land.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We work with data coming from many different sources:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Routine collection of water samples from lakes and rivers, brought back to the laboratory and then analysed for chemicals of interest.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Smart sensors which are placed in the environment and stream back data (often powered by solar energy)&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>Drones and satellites.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The laboratory measurements and small sensors give us data about water quality at a very specific location as identified by its latitude and longitude.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New technologies (sensors and satellites) have allowed the generation of diverse data streams to&nbsp;observe&nbsp;water quality and quantity in significant detail from around the&nbsp;world.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The satellite data&nbsp;comes&nbsp;in the form of images observed over time. Every time the satellite passes overhead an image is recorded, often&nbsp;the image is&nbsp;obscured by clouds.&nbsp;Satellites provide images where each image is made up of pixels, which are small grid cells, a bit like a jigsaw puzzle with all the pieces in the shape of a square or pixel.&nbsp;Sometimes each side of the pixel is as small as 10m, for other satellites, the side of the pixel could be a&nbsp;kilometer&nbsp;in length.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1017\" src=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-1024x1017.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-819\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-1024x1017.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-768x762.jpg 768w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-1536x1525.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-320x318.jpg 320w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-480x477.jpg 480w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars-1440x1430.jpg 1440w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/North_America_-_MERIS_-_20_May_2002_pillars.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Example&nbsp;of satellite image showing&nbsp;phytoplankton&nbsp;fluorescence&nbsp;in North American lakes.&nbsp;This image was taken by&nbsp;Envisat&#8217;s&nbsp;MEdium&nbsp;Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS).&nbsp;The redder an area is, the stronger the fluorescence from phytoplankton.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>2. Tell us about you research,\u202fwhat problem did you want to solve?\u202f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are currently working on&nbsp;several&nbsp;projects:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Globolakes<\/strong>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;global&nbsp;project&nbsp;studying 1000 lakes.&nbsp;We are using historical satellite images, taken monthly and&nbsp;going back 12 years,&nbsp;to&nbsp;try and understand changes in water quality&nbsp;(temperature and chlorophyll levels for example)&nbsp;in these lakes.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the lakes are in very remote parts of the world, so that the satellite images allow us to observe them without sending teams of scientists.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some challenges include the problem with cloud cover, so that sometimes large parts of a lake are not observed, another challenge is dealing with lakes which freeze over in the winter.&nbsp;What we want to do, using all&nbsp;these&nbsp;data, is learn which lakes are behaving similarly over time.&nbsp;Recognising this could allow us to recognise the effects of climate change.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These images&nbsp;show the results of looking at all the 1000 lakes and the smooth curves we have estimated, and then clustered.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-1 wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"795\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"820\" class=\"wp-image-820\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map.png 795w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map-768x345.png 768w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map-320x144.png 320w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-cluster-map-480x216.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This image shows the locations of the lakes, each one represented by&nbsp;a coloured dot, the colour representing the cluster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-3 wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"946\" height=\"760\" src=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"822\" class=\"wp-image-822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2.png 946w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2-768x617.png 768w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2-320x257.png 320w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/Water-Data-S1_2-480x386.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 946px) 100vw, 946px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This image shows the patterns in each of 9 identified clusters of lakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: Maberly, S. C. et al. (2020)&nbsp;Global lake&nbsp;thermal regions shift under climate change.&nbsp;Nature Communications, 11, 1232. (doi:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-15108-z\">10.1038\/s41467-020-15108-z<\/a>)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the&nbsp;<strong>Ramganga Project<\/strong>&nbsp;we are studying a large river in India.&nbsp;Here the challenge is again to understand about water quality in the Ramganga&nbsp;River, we are using water samples (lab based), sensors, drones and satellites:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The classical water samples,&nbsp;are collected in a few locations&nbsp;each month, they are taken to the laboratory and analysed there.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>The sensors can be placed along the river&nbsp;and while&nbsp;we only have a few, they can produce data every day&nbsp;or even more frequently.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><li>The drone we fly over specific stretches of the&nbsp;river&nbsp;and it produces a very detailed image of that stretch.&nbsp;<\/li><li>The satellite can&nbsp;provide images covering&nbsp;the whole length of the river.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bringing together and linking these different data streams is called data fusion.&nbsp;Data Fusion allows us to benefit from the strengths of all the data sources to produce the best estimate of water quality along the entire river (and very importantly) taking account of any uncertainty.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some challenges we have here is that the river is narrow in the dry season, but much&nbsp;much&nbsp;wider in the wet (Monsoon) season&nbsp;so the satellite is not always able to distinguish the river.&nbsp;However, if we can produce a map of water quality in the river and how it changes, then this will help people who live along the river.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-836\" srcset=\"https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-320x480.png 320w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1-480x720.png 480w, https:\/\/curiousabout.glasgowsciencecentre.org\/innovation\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/05\/WaterData-1.png 890w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This&nbsp;image&nbsp;shows the river with locations marked for where we are monitoring the water and planning to fly the drone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scottish River Levels<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The third project in Scotland is also using sensors and satellite images to&nbsp;understand&nbsp;river levels and soil moisture to help farmers&nbsp;identify&nbsp;when best to withdraw water from the river to irrigate their crops. Measuring soil moisture also helps them plan&nbsp;their crop management.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is part of a Digital Environment initiative. The sensors are distributed around the river system, but we had to plan where to place the sensors to make sure that the data they collect can be transmitted back to base for our analysis.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are using solar panels to help power the sensors, so we need to keep an eye on energy since if the energy&nbsp;falls,&nbsp;then we might have less confidence in the measurements. (We are also collecting data on rainfall).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We use satellite data&nbsp;from the Copernicus satellite&nbsp;to map the whole area&nbsp;then we can fuse the data from the&nbsp;satellite&nbsp;images with that from the sensors to build our understanding of river levels and soil moisture.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>What challenges have you faced and was your solution?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the&nbsp;Globolake&nbsp;project&nbsp;we are working with&nbsp;massive amounts&nbsp;of data.&nbsp;What we have tried to do is first create a framework, tackling data quality and&nbsp;any&nbsp;errors,&nbsp;which&nbsp;allows us to&nbsp;create&nbsp;clusters&nbsp;of&nbsp;lakes with similar&nbsp;patterns&nbsp;and&nbsp;observe&nbsp;their geographic distribution.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the Ramganga&nbsp;Project, we are trying to&nbsp;fuse&nbsp;quite&nbsp;different data streams to&nbsp;provide&nbsp;an improved map of water quality.&nbsp;The challenge here is that&nbsp;the&nbsp;sensor&nbsp;and&nbsp;lab&nbsp;sampling&nbsp;tell&nbsp;us about&nbsp;a specific&nbsp;place&nbsp;and time&nbsp;in the river.&nbsp;With the satellite images,&nbsp;however, each&nbsp;pixel is an area, not a point location, and we may only have observations every 14 days, so the data are&nbsp;described as&nbsp;misaligned.&nbsp;Our solution was to develop&nbsp;a statistical model that links together these different data streams taking account of the \u2018misalignment in time and&nbsp;space\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the third project, we are building a model that links the different data together which will allow us to make forecasts of what the soil moisture will be in a specific place, up to several days into the future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>How important is gathering and processing data to your research?&nbsp;Is there any\u202fparticular technology\u202fthat helps you\u202fin your&nbsp;work?\u202f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is&nbsp;absolutely vital&nbsp;that we have the different data streams in our projects, and the availability of satellite data have really made&nbsp;a big difference&nbsp;to how we are thinking about our environment&nbsp;&#8211; hence the digital environment theme to all our projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Is\u202fteamwork\u202fimportant to this project and who do you collaborate with?\u202f\u202f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Teamwork&nbsp;is vital, we need people who understand the environment, so water specialists, soil scientists etc, we need people who understand about the technology, so engineers and&nbsp;IT (Information Technology)&nbsp;specialists, and we need people who understand data (that is us).&nbsp;For the project in India, we are working very closely with Indian colleagues.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":738,"template":"","section_category":[41],"events_category":[53,32,54,63],"acf":{"age_restriction":["11 and over"],"start_date":"2021-05-11 00:00:00","header_before":false,"header_after":false,"short_description":"How can we use the huge amounts of data we collect, to learn about our \u2018blue planet\u2019 and the freshwater resources that support all life on Earth?"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - 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